Company and Finance News:

Bitcoin Hits All-time High as Currency Controls by Countries
Drive Fear and Investors Increase Adoption
Bitcoin hit an all-time high Wednesday [January 4^th], according to Bloomberg data, thanks to continued adoption in China and other parts of the world where traditional currencies are tightly controlled.

The digital currency, which just turned eight years old, reached US$1,140.64, which was higher than the US$1,137 it hit in November of 2013. In December, bitcoin also surpassed its previous all-time high in total market capitalization, which now exceeds US$16.1 billion.

The latest increase was driven by capital or currency restrictions in countries ranging from China to India and Venezuela, where people purchased bitcoin to protect their savings, as well as increased adoption by investors. The digital currency beat every other currency, stock index and commodity contract as an investment last year. Read the article published in the Financial Post.

New, Lower Maximum Charges for Payday Loans Now in Effect
New, lower charges for high-cost, short-term cash loans – payday loans – came into effect Jan. 1, 2017.

The maximum allowable charge – including all fees – for a payday loan in British Columbia is $17 for every $100 borrowed, making it the second-lowest rate in Canada.

Lowering the total allowable charge to $17 from $23 builds on regulations the Province implemented in 2009. Before then, borrowers paid whatever the lender charged – as much as $30 per $100 borrowed, and had limited protections and recourse against harmful lending practices. Read the government news release.

FICOM News
The Financial Institutions Commission of BC published the following announcements and bulletins in December:

• Consent Order
  Mortgage Brokers Act
  more...
• Credit Unions
  Letter: 2016 Updates to the Capital Adequacy Return & Completion Guide for BC Credit Unions
  more...

Visit the FICOM website for more information.

BC Securities – Policies & Instruments
The following policies and instruments were published on the BCSC website in the month of December:

• 96-504 – Notice of adoption of BC Instrument 96-504
  BC Instrument 96-504 – Exemption from derivatives reporting requirements in Multilateral Instrument 96-101 – Trade Repositories and Derivatives Data Reporting for certain financially settled electricity-based derivatives
• 11-333 – CSA Staff Notice 11-333 Withdrawal of Notices
• 13-315 – CSA Staff Notice 13-315 (Revised)– Securities Regulatory Authority Closed Dates 2017
• 81-102 – CSA Mutual Fund Risk Classification Methodology for Use in Fund Facts and ETF Facts – CSA Notice of Amendments to National Instrument 81-102 Investment Funds and Related Consequential Amendments
• 41-101 – Mandating a Summary Disclosure Document for Exchange-Traded Mutual Funds and its Delivery – CSA Notice of Amendments to National Instrument 41-101 General Prospectus Requirements and to Companion Policy 41-101CP to National Instrument 41-101 General Prospectus Requirements and Related Consequential Amendments
• 21-319 – CSA Staff Notice 21-319 – Data Fees Methodology
• 33-318 – CSA Staff Notice 33-318 Review of Practices Firms Use to Compensate and Provide Incentives to their Representatives

For more information visit the BC Securities website.

Energy and Mines News:

BC's LNG Minister Predicts Northern Coast
LNG Decision by Mid-2017
British Columbia's minister of natural gas development is offering an optimistic prediction about the future of the proposed $36-billion Pacific NorthWest LNG project on BC's northern coast.

Rich Coleman says a decision on the development near Prince Rupert could come within the first six months of 2017.

Coleman says he is very familiar with the development's design and tendering process and he anticipates several more meetings by mid-January with officials from Petronas, the project's majority owner.

Low commodity prices have delayed an investment decision and Petronas said in October that it was reviewing the development and its conditions before moving forward. Read The Vancouver Sun article.

Second Coal Mine to Reopen in Northeastern BC,
Raising Hopes in Tumbler Ridge
A mining company in northeastern British Columbia has started hiring as it prepares to reopen the Wolverine Mine on Monday [January 1^st].

Conuma Coal Resources Ltd. says the reopening of the mine 15 kilometres west of Tumbler Ridge is expected to create 220 jobs.

That's in addition to 170 jobs that were created when Conuma Coal restarted the nearby Brule Mine in September, just months after purchasing both properties and a third coal mine in northwestern BC from Walter Canada.

The Ministry of Energy and Mines says Conuma expects to have the Wolverine Mine operating at full production levels by April, exporting 1.5 million tonnes of metallurgical coal annually. Read The Vancouver Sun article.

Family and Children News:

Obtaining Evidence in High Conflict Parenting Disputes, Part 3:
Views of the Child Reports and Parenting Assessments
In Part 1 of this series, Sarah Dargatz wrote about the use of children's lawyers in high conflict family law disputes in Alberta. Sarah said that hiring a lawyer to represent a child can be an effective way to get information about the child's views and preferences when the parents cannot agree. In Part 2, Sarah described two special processes that are sometimes used in high conflict cases in Alberta: interventions under Practice Note 7 that are designed to get information about a child or a parent to the court, or to help the parents work together more effectively; and, assessments under Practice Note 8 about the parenting arrangements that are best for a child. Sarah pointed out that, although these processes are often very useful, neither interventions nor assessments are free and both can take many months to complete. In this part of the series, I will talk about how views of the child reports and parenting assessments are used in other parts of Canada. Read the full article by John-Paul Boyd, published on Law Now.

Rights of the Child: Have We Really Come Such a Long Way?
Twenty-five years after ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Canada ranks 17th out of 29 affluent nations for children's overall wellbeing. Canada drops to 26th for inequality between the most affluent and least affluent children. Children of all backgrounds are affected by our poor performance, but high risk and marginalized youth are particularly vulnerable. So, what can lawyers do to improve the state of Canadian children?

Since Canada ratified the CRC on December 13, 1991, it has become the most universally accepted human rights instrument with all but one country in the world having ratified it. The CRC contains a bundle of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights to support children's optimal development and wellbeing.

While the CRC is not directly incorporated into domestic law through enabling legislation, it is referenced in Canadian law in limited instances, for example, the preamble to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, and has been cited in Supreme Court of Canada decisions. Read the full CBA National article.

Forest and Environment News:

New Regulations Enact Historic
Great Bear Rainforest Legislation
The Great Bear Rainforest (Forest Management) Act is set to take effect Jan. 1, 2017, following the enactment of regulations that bring the act into force and fulfill government's commitment to ecosystem-based management in the Great Bear Rainforest. The regulations:

• bring into force the Great Bear Rainforest (Forest Management) Act effective Jan. 1, 2017;
• create eight new special forest management areas totalling 263,612 hectares;
• replace and reconfigure timber supply areas to align with the Great Bear Rainforest's geographic boundaries;
• set the allowable annual cut for the entire Great Bear Rainforest to 2.5 million cubic metres per year for the next 10 years; and
• provide the new allowable annual cut for each of the forest licences affected by the legislation.

The Great Bear Rainforest Land Use Order was finalized in February 2016, and the Great Bear Rainforest (Forest Management) Act received Royal Assent in May 2016. The regulations announced today bring the act into effect and meet government's commitment to full implementation of ecosystem-based management in the area. Read government news release.

China's Proposed National Carbon Market and
Opportunities for Cooperation with Canada
While there is some uncertainty on how the U.S. climate strategy will evolve under a Trump presidency, a number of new carbon emissions regulations and control strategies continue to be developed throughout the world, notably in China and Canada.

Both China and Canada ratified the Paris Agreement in September and October 2016 respectively, and it was entered into force on November 4, 2016. As one of its key greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions control initiatives, in 2017, China plans to establish a national carbon market (Chinese Carbon Market), according to China's President Xi Jinping.

Once in place, the Chinese Carbon Market will be the largest carbon cap-and-trade scheme in the world, essentially involving all of China's local provincial governments (Local Governments) with oversight and guidance from the Central Government of China (Central Government). Read the full article by Roger Song and Ky Kvisle of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP.

Health News:

Suing Your Doctor: Contentious Malpractice System in for
Shakeup as Judge's Review Nears End
It's the only way for patients to seek justice when they've been harmed by health-care error, but Canada's medical-malpractice system is itself rife with controversy.

Patients complain of a scorched-earth defence approach by doctors, the number of lawsuits filed has been shrinking and the costs for governments that subsidize physicians' liability coverage have been rising sharply.

A respected former judge, however, is about to shake up the system, putting the final touches on a largely unheralded, government-commissioned report with the potential to transform what happens when doctors get sued.

While Stephen Goudge's closed-door review was requested by Eric Hoskins, the Ontario health minister, his recommendations to overhaul the contentious system could reverberate across the country. Goudge is best known for his inquiry into wrongdoing by forensic pathologist Dr. Charles Smith, which led to extensive changes in how Ontario investigates child deaths.

Lawyers who represent patients in lawsuits against physicians say they hope he has a similar impact on their field. "In my mind, relatively simple changes could be transformative for our medical system," said Paul Harte, a Toronto malpractice lawyer. Read The Vancouver Sun article.

BC Could Become National Leader in Asbestos Control
The deaths of BC workers have long prompted calls for a ban on asbestos and better regulation of its handling in the workplace.

Those calls are finally being answered. On Dec. 15, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's government announced a full asbestos ban and a creation of new rules and regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protections Act (CEPA) that they hope will be enacted by 2018.

Among a variety of measures, the federal government hopes to change national building codes to keep asbestos from being used in any new construction or renovation projects, as well as banning the import of asbestos-containing products such as brake pads.

"We are taking action that is long overdue, and we are doing it in the best possible way," Health Minister Jane Philpott said. "Our government is taking action to protect Canadians from substances such as asbestos that can be harmful to their health and safety."

There has also been a strong push in BC to create a licensing and certification system for asbestos removal contractors and workers in order to reduce the amount of people who are exposed to asbestos, a deadly substance that kills over 2,000 people in Canada each year. Read The Vancouver Sun article.

Quickscribe Welcomes Kim Jakeman as
Latest Contributor – Health Law
Quickscribe is thrilled to announce that Kimberly Jakeman, a partner at Harper Grey and associate chair of their health law group, has come on board as Quickscribe's expert annotator in the area of health law. Kim has been practising in the area of health law for the past 26 years. Her practice includes civil litigation and regulatory work in the health law sector. Throughout her career, Kim has contributed to medical-legal education as a speaker and writer. She also manages major property loss subrogation litigation and is a mediator offering services mediating civil lawsuits and conflict resolution in the workplace. Kim is also Chair of the National CBA End-of-Life Working Group convened to study the legal and ethical issues surrounding end of life decisions. On May 10, 2016, on behalf of the CBA, she presented before the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs regarding Bill C-14, the proposed legislation to address MAID.

Labour and Employment News:

Cumulative Cause.1
The workplace is a challenging setting to manage. One must be proficient at dealing with a range of people with all kinds of personalities, backgrounds and styles. The manager in small enterprises often also serves as the Human Resources and Legal Departments. One is expected to know employment and labour law and manage people in precise measure according to the law. Review of those management decisions may come in the form of a lawsuit years later where all the splendid details are intricately laid out with adversarial obsession before the whole world.

Invariably, the small business manager will not have all the facts, perspectives and arguments – not to mention the legal principles, precedents and distinctions – that will be placed before the judge, who is also a latecomer and stranger to the scene that must be managed today. The well laid out ordering, after the fact, of what decisions should have been made are neither easy to predict nor do they readily reflect all workplace realities.

A recent case from British Columbia considered whether the senior communications manager for a sporting organization went too far in muddling her professional and personal commentary on social media. Read the full article by Peter Bowal, published on Law Now.

Rise in First-responder Suicides Leads to
Calls for Better WorkSafeBC Coverage
On Christmas Eve, Lisa Jennings received word of another suicide. She waited until Boxing Day to update the grim tally she keeps on a website devoted to first responders struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder. Then, with a quick keystroke, 18 suicides in 2016 became 19.

Jennings, a former paramedic, began tracking suicides by BC first responders last year after a fire chief called to tell her about one at his hall. Before that, the Victoria woman maintained her website, You Are Not Alone PTSD BC, to provide support and resources to first responders, as well as to draw attention to what she sees as inadequate workers' compensation laws that make it tough to get help.

BC's suicide rate among first responders, which rose from 14 last year, is higher than any other province, according to the Tema Conter Memorial Trust. It strengthened Jennings' belief that it should be easier for such staff to make a mental illness claim with WorkSafeBC.

Jennings has been fighting to have her own PTSD recognized as work related since 2014. The decision on her final appeal is due Jan. 17. Read Vancouver Sun article.

BC Human Rights Tribunal Rejects
Complaint by Gay Lawyer
A British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal has dismissed a complaint filed by a Vancouver lawyer who alleges his former employer asked him not to bring his male partner to a firm social event, and that he remove references in his online firm bio to involvement in the Canadian Bar Association's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity group.

On July 6, 2016, Brian Yuen filed a complaint against Direction Legal LLP and one of its partners, Bonnie O.Y. Teng, alleging discrimination in employment on the basis of sexual orientation, marital status and race, contrary to s. 13 of the Human Rights Code. The allegations were related to events Yuen said occurred in July 2014. The tribunal indicated to both Yuen and Direction Legal that the complaint was filed outside the six-month time limit in BC and requested submissions on its timeliness. The Code provides that a complaint must be filed within six months of the alleged contravention. Read the full article published Jennifer Brown and published on Legal Feeds.

Local Government News:

Animal Law Lawyers Say Dangerous Dog Legislation
Should Address Responsible Ownership
Despite an injunction to stop Montreal's controversial pit bull ban being dismissed, opponents to breed-specific legislation aren't giving up the fight.

Rebeka Breder, animal law lawyer at Breder Law Co. in Vancouver, says the bylaw – parts of which came into effect on Oct. 3 – is problematic on many fronts and she is hopeful the final decision in the broader legal challenge by the Montreal SPCA is "a more balanced approach that will consider the true facts, true science and the research that's been presented so far," she says.

Camille Labchuk, animal rights lawyer and executive director of Animal Justice in Toronto, says the reality of the latest decision means pit bulls – and really all dogs in Montreal – are at risk from this "vague, discriminatory and ineffective bylaw."

"What we know about keeping the public safe is strongly related to education and dog licensing," she says. "This is a draconian measure that's not going to work and is going to be expensive." Read the full article by Mallory Hendry and published on Legal Feeds.

Marijuana Legalization Could Mean Closure for
Many BC Pot Shops, Province Says
Minister says pot shops will have to meet the province's distribution requirements
With marijuana legalization about to become a reality across Canada, the provincial government says it is not sure what taxes and distribution will look like in BC but warns many of the current pot shops in the province may not meet their requirements.

A federal task force appointed by the federal government to study how marijuana could be legalized and regulated in Canada released a report [December 13] with more than 80 recommendations. Read the CBC article.

RCMP Contract Management Committee Update
On November 3, 2016, the Local Government Contract Management Committee (LGCMC) met with provincial and RCMP representatives to discuss issues related to the RCMP contract and policing in British Columbia. The following summary highlights key issues discussed at the meeting.

1) Working Group Discussion Items
Auxiliary Constable Program Options
In October 2016, the Province informed UBCM that National Crime Prevention Services had prepared an options paper for consideration by provincial and territorial partners (PTs), among others. This paper was a result of a national working group, which developed recommendations that informed a subsequent consultation process, leading to three options for consideration by relevant stakeholders. Options included: 1) maintaining the status quo, without the participation of Auxiliary Constables in general duty patrols or the provision of firearms familiarization; 2) implementing a Community Corps type program, where Auxiliary Constables would only participate in community policing services; and, 3) providing a three-tier program where ACs would conduct different levels of policing determined by their level of training and experience. UBCM conducted a survey of its membership, with 90% of respondents favouring option 3 (three-tiered program).

Read the UBCM article.

Miscellaneous News:

Video Surveillance and Individual Privacy Rights: BC Privacy Commissioner
Issues First Ever Audit and Compliance Report
On December 8, 2016, the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner for British Columbia (the "OIPC") issued its first ever Audit and Compliance Report following an audit of a private sector business. In Audit and Compliance Report P16-01‒Over-collected and Overexposed: Surveillance and Privacy Compliance in a Medical Clinic (the "Report"), the Commissioner determined that a medical clinic's use of video and audio surveillance was unauthorized and excessive. Concurrent with its release of the Report, the OIPC issued guidelines for implementing overt video surveillance (the "Guidelines"). Taken together, the Report and the Guidelines indicate that the OIPC takes a restrictive approach to video surveillance. Read the full article by David Gibbons and Nicole Skuggedal of Lawson Lundell LLP.

H&C Update Following the SCC Kanthasamy Decision
from CLEBC website – Practice Points
In this paper from Immigration Issues in Depth 2016, Judith Boer provides an overview of the influence of the Supreme Court of Canada's decision of Kanthasamy v. Canada on humanitarian and compassionate applications for permanent residence. Click here to view a pdf version of the paper.

Regulations Support Student Societies in British Columbia
New regulations, University Student Society Fees Regulation, B.C. Reg. 321/2016 and College and Institute Student Society Fees Regulation, B.C. Reg. 320/2016, ensure that student society fees can continue to be collected from all students at public post-secondary institutions, including those who resign their membership in a student society.

The regulations are in response to the explicit authority to resign membership in a society under the new Societies Act. The regulations bring into force amendments to the University Act and the College and Institute Act allowing for the collection of fees from students who resign their membership, and define the types of fees that will be collected. Read government news release.

BCCA Affirms Solicitor-Client Privilege as "Nearly Absolute"
In the recent decision in Soprema Inc. v. Wolrige Mahon LLP, 2016 BCCA 471, the British Columbia Court of Appeal confirmed the status of solicitor-client privilege as "nearly absolute" and clarified the test for determining whether a party has impliedly waived of solicitor-client privilege by making its state of mind a material issue in an action.

Soprema commenced an action against Wolrige Mahon LLP ("Wolrige") claiming that Wolrige had made false representations about the accuracy of financial statements Soprema had relied on in deciding whether to exercise an option to purchase shares. Wolrige brought an interlocutory application seeking production of some of Soprema's privileged documents, claiming Soprema had waived privilege over these by putting its state of mind at issue in the action. The chambers judge found that a waiver of privilege will be implied where a party has put its state of mind in issue in a manner that makes the privileged communications highly relevant to that state of mind, and where fairness and consistency require disclosure. He concluded that Soprema's pleadings put its state of mind in issue because to succeed in its negligent representation claim it must have relied reasonably on the alleged misrepresentations and therefore Soprema's understanding of its legal position was relevant to the issue of whether its reliance was reasonable. Read the full article by Amy Nathanson of Lawson Lundell LLP.

Acting on the Indian Act
If the government enacts Bill S-3 – or some version of it – on or before the Feb. 3, 2017 deadline set by the Quebec Superior Court, as many as 28,000 to 35,000 people could become eligible to be registered as Status Indians under it.

And the proposed legislation's lack of provision for that eventuality is just one of the concerns the CBA's Aboriginal Law Section talked about in its submission when it appeared before the Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples on Nov. 29 and before the House Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs on Dec. 5.

The submission traces the long history of steps toward Bill S-3, including the 1985 Indian Act amendments that fell short of their intention to eliminate discrimination against women in the Indian Status registration system, as it retained a gender-based inequity in generations to come. Descendants of Status women married to non-Status men lost their status after the second generation, while descendants of Status men married to non-Status women retained status to the third generation.

The 2009 British Columbia Court of Appeal decision in McIvor v Canada (Registrar, Indian and Northern Affairs) said certain sections of the Indian Act violated the Charter. Read the CBA National article.

Motor Vehicle and Traffic News:

Three BC Cities Make Top 10 Drunk Driving List
Recently-released statistics show BC cities have some of the highest rates of police-reported impaired driving incidents in Canada.

But the data can be interpreted in different ways: Do these cities really have higher rates of drunk driving, or just really good enforcement?

Statistics Canada ranked 33 census metropolitan areas across Canada and found St. John's, Newfoundland had the highest number of police-reported incidents at 411 out of every 100,000 people. Kelowna, B.C was in second place at 323. In total, there were three BC cities in the top 10: Kelowna, Victoria, and Abbotsford-Mission.

BC was the only province to have as many as three cities in the top 10. Read the Global News article.

CVSE Bulletins & Notices
The following bulletins and notices have been posted by CVSE in December:

• CVSE1014 LCV Operating Conditions & Routes

For more information on these and other items, visit the CVSE website.

Property and Real Estate News:

Strata-Property Law: 2016 in Review
This past year has seen several milestones in strata-property law, both here in British Columbia and elsewhere. The year has featured important court and tribunal decisions, new legislation coming into force, and new law-reform initiatives. Here are some of the significant developments in 2016, as noted in the BCLI blog.

• January: The BC Supreme Court issued a ruling in a smoking dispute. Second-hand smoke would end up playing a role in no fewer than six BC court and tribunal decisions this year. By October, the BC Human Rights Tribunal was offering its own advice for strata councils and strata-lot owners in dealing with the issue.
• February: The BC Supreme Court ordered a strata corporation to be wound up. In July, legislation lowering the voting threshold for voluntarily terminating a strata came into force. By December, there was a report of the first strata property initiating the new procedure by obtaining a resolution passed by an 80-percent vote.

Read the full article published on the BCLI website.

Better Late than Never: Court Finds that Landlord Still Entitled to Payment of
Additional Rent after Forgetting to Invoice Tenant for 3 Years
The recent decision of Bulley v. Weatherford Canada Partnership is a good reminder for commercial landlords and tenants alike that, absent a clear intention by the parties to amend, the written lease terms will likely prevail, even where an entitlement owing to one party (in this case, additional rent) is not initially claimed by the benefiting party.

Background Facts
An oil and gas company (the "Tenant") entered into a lease agreement with a commercial landlord (the "Landlord") for a term of seven years (the "Lease"). Under the terms of the Lease, the Tenant was obligated to pay basic monthly rent as well as additional rent which was based upon the Landlord's operating costs and expenses in relation to the premises (the "Additional Rent"). For the first three years of the Lease, the Landlord invoiced the Tenant for basic rent, but forgot to seek payment for the Additional Rent. The Landlord eventually realized its mistake and issued invoices to the Tenant seeking payment for the three years worth of Additional Rent charges. The Tenant refused to pay and claimed that the Landlord had waived its right to collect the outstanding amounts.

Read the full article by Jamieson D. Virgin, Dharampreet Dhillon, Articled Student of McMillan LLP.

Real Estate Council Restricts Licences of Two
Fast-growing Vancouver Brokerages
Two fast-growing Vancouver area brokerages have had restrictions placed on their licences by the Real Estate Council.

The council will not say when it placed the restrictions, and details about possible misconduct and consumer risk have only been publicly accessible since the regulator made changes to its website this month.

"Conditions may be placed on a licence for a variety of reasons. We recommend that anyone with questions about the circumstances that led to conditions being placed on a licence or the length of time the conditions have been in place, should ask the licensee about those issues," the council said in an emailed statement.

The council has ordered that Metro Edge, which says it completed over 400 transactions in 2015, appoint a managing broker approved by the council who must sign-off on all listing information ahead of it being posted. The managing broker must also submit monthly reports with details about all transactions where the company represents both the buyer and seller and detail the use of any unlicensed assistants and their exact duties. Authority for trust account signing, including for electronic transfers, must be approved in writing and ahead of time by the council. It must also alert the council of any listing that offers any form of "commission bonus". Read The Vancouver Sun article.

Tribunal Decision Means High Drywall
Costs Likely to Continue
Higher construction costs across Western Canada, including in fire-ravaged Fort McMurray, Alta., stand to continue under a ruling by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal released Wednesday [January 4^th].

In its decision, the tribunal found that American-made drywall dumped at less than normal prices into Western Canada over the past few years have injured the Canadian industry.

The ruling means that preliminary duties of up to 276 per cent imposed by the Canada Border Services Agency on imports from the U.S. last September will end, but will be replaced by permanent variable duties on any imports that fall below a floor price established last month. Read the full Canadian Press article published by Maclean's.

Small Claims: Coming Soon to the CRT
– from CRT Website
It's been almost 5 months since the Civil Resolution Tribunal (CRT) began accepting strata property disputes. We wanted to pause for a moment to give you an update on how things are going, and where we're planning to go from here.

Since we opened our doors, well over 3500 people have used the Solution Explorer to find help for their strata disputes. Based on public feedback and our data analytics, we believe most people who use the Solution Explorer find useful information and tools to resolve their dispute themselves.

About 185 parties have made online applications for strata dispute resolution with the CRT. About half of filed disputes are currently in the facilitation phase, where we've started to see parties reach agreements, with the help of our expert facilitators. The CRT has also published its first tribunal decision, with more to come.

So far, the technology is working very well and is easily able to accommodate the CRT's case volume. The team meets weekly to review possible improvements to all aspects of the CRT's technology and processes.

The CRT is being implemented in stages. This lets us learn from the public and refine our dispute resolution processes as we take on different kinds of disputes. Now we are looking ahead to the CRT's next stage of development: resolving low-value small claims disputes. Read the full article published on the CRT website.

Wills and Estates News:

Supreme Court of Canada Decision Takes a
Narrow Approach to Rectification
The majority of the Supreme Court of Canada has construed the equitable power of the court to rectify a contract or other document relatively narrowly in a recent decision, Canada (Attorney General) v. FairmontHotels Inc., 2016 SCC 56.

Fairmont Hotels Inc. and two subsidiaries sought to rectify a directors' resolution in which the directors had redeemed certain shares, triggering a tax liability. The redemption was part of a number of transactions by the companies to finance the acquisition of two hotels. Both the Ontario Superior Court of Justice and the Ontario Court of Appeal had allowed rectification, finding that the parties had from the outset a continuing intention to structure the transactions in a tax neutral way. Those two Ontario Courts had applied a previous leading authority from the Ontario Court of Appeal, Juliar v. Canada (Attorney General), 46 O.R. (3d) 104, aff'd (2000), 50 O.R. (3d) 728. In Juliar the Ontario Court of Appeal held that a transfer of shares for a promissory note that triggered a tax liability could be rectified so that the transaction would be an exchange of shares for shares, with the effect of deferring tax, on the bases that the parties had a common continuing intention to avoid an immediate tax liability. Read the full article by Stan Rule of Sabey Rule LLP and published on his blog Rule of Law.

Court Rejects Disinheritance of Children
Based on "Invalid" Reasons
"Testamentary freedom" is the notion that a will-maker (or "testator") is entitled to divide her property upon death however, and to whoever, he or she sees fit. In certain circumstances, however, statutes and courts in British Columbia and other jurisdictions have limited this freedom, by requiring the will-maker to provide for certain beneficiaries in the will. In the case of the will-maker's spouse and children, the will must make "adequate provision for the proper maintenance and support of the will-maker's spouse or child" , or, if requested to do so after the will-maker's death, the court can "vary" that will, if it considers it just and equitable to do so. Such claims are now brought under section 60 of the British Columbia Wills, Estates and Succession Act, and, in the case of children, can be initiated by a child of any age, as the courts have determined that a parent may still have a legal or moral obligation to provide for their adult independent child.

However, these obligations of the will-maker are not absolute. Even if a court finds that a will-maker had an apparent "moral duty" to provide for their spouse or child, and did not do so, that obligation can be negated if the will-maker is found to have had sufficiently "valid and rational" reasons to disinherit or reduce that beneficiary's gift in the will, as this blog has covered in the past. Read the full article by Mark Weintraub with Clark Wilson LLP.

Suspicious Circumstances
Arauju v Neto 2001 BCSC 935 is an undue influence/lack of capacity case that discusses suspicious circumstances.
The court found that due to suspicious circumstances the will maker was not allowed to rely upon the presumption that he was mentally capable when the will was executed.

Ordinarily where the propounder of a will shows that it was duly executed with the requisite formalities and after having been read over to a testator who appeared to understand it, it is presumed that the testator knew and approved of the contents and had the necessary testamentary capacity or disposing mind and memory.

[122] However, I do not think that the plaintiff is entitled to that presumption. Because of the evidence of suspicious circumstances, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing on the evidence that Mr. De Araujo knew and approved of the contents and had testamentary capacity with respect to both of the 1995 and 1996 wills.

Read the full article by Trevor Todd – disinherited: Estate Disputes and Contested Wills.